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The dataset, methods, and machine learning prediction framework on the Covid-19 theme have been published widely and complex. Special publications on the spread of virus infection 19 in the form of a time series need to be mapped more comprehensively. This literature review aims to identify and analyze research trends, datasets, and methods used in predicting Covid-19 with Machine Learning Engineering research between 2019 and 2021. Identifying the need, specifying the research question evaluating review protocol, searching for papers, scanning papers, and reporting results are the eight major steps of this systematic literature review. The most critical aspect of systematic analysis is defining the research questions. The PICOC techniques are used to identify research questions. Journal candidates were filtered out using inclusion and exclusion criteria techniques to shrink the SLR scope area. based on a literature study it was found that research in 2019-2021 on the Covid-19 distribution prediction system used variables: susceptibility, infection, mortality, geography, weather, and patient clinical data to be processed into ANFIS machine learning prediction models and neural networks are several models. A classification model that is widely used for hybrid processing in calculating covid-19 infection prediction. The datasets that are often used do not fully meet the epidemiological aspects that trigger the spread of COVID-19 infections. ANFIS and NN are several classification methods that are widely used for hybrid processing in calculating predictions of the spread of COVID-19 infection. © 2022 IEEE.
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Currently, the entire planet is suffering from a contagious epidemic infection, 2019-nCOV due to newly detected coronavirus. This is a lethal infectious virus that has destroyed thousands of lives all over the world. The important aim of this study is to investigate a susceptible-infected-treatment-recovered (SITR) model of coronavirus (2019-nCOV) with bi-modal virus spread in a susceptible population. The considered 2019-nCOV model is analyzed by two fractional derivatives: the Caputo and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC). For the Caputo model, we present a few basic mathematical characteristics such as existence, positivity, boundedness and stability result for disease-free equilibria. The fixed-point principle is used to establish the existence and uniqueness conditions for the ABC model solution. We employed the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) numerical technique for the Caputo model solution and the Toufik-Atangana (TA) numerical approach for the ABC model solution. Finally, using MATLAB, the simulation results are shown to highlight the impact of arbitrarily chosen fractional-order and model parameters on infection dynamics. © 2022 The Author(s).
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The first case of novel coronavirus COVID-19 appeared in China in November 2019 in Wuhan city. The novel virus caused widespread infections all over the world that led to thousands of deaths within a few months. The entire world was affected, without any suitable medicine or treatment to cure the disease. Most of the measures for defense against the virus were nonmedical, such as social distancing, lockdowns, and improved personal hygiene. The main objective of this study was to use data-driven methods like COVID-19 diagnosis based on X-ray images and cough sounds, sentiment analysis, knowledge discovery, semantic analysis, and hotspots detection. The data-driven technologies and COVID-19 research are proving effective in the battle against this deadly disease and will prove useful in the future also. The common consensus on the pandemic is that elderly people are most vulnerable, and epidemiologists consider age to be an important factor in survival. This chapter provides the scientific community and independent researchers with information about the open-source dataset, extensible and accessible studies in the field, along with existing challenges in the use of the dataset. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 is a disease that is caused by a new virus, coronavirus, which first appeared in China and a few months;it spread all over the globe, infecting many people. This disease shows very common symptoms like fever, cough, and tiredness, which makes it more difficult to know if the person is infected or not. There have been a lot of struggles in finding a way to detect the virus in a human body and manage the infected at the same time. There is an immense increase in the number of infected cases, so it becomes difficult to manage patients with proper resources and medical facilities, leading to an increase in casualties. To overcome the difficulty, this study proposes fast and efficient methods for the detection of the virus and proper treatment. COVID-19 patient management and triaging means accurately identifying patients or detecting COVID-19 and categorizing the patients or sorting them accordingly for their proper management. This study aims to help the government and health care system take relevant steps to detect and manage COVID-19 patients. Also, with the details and symptoms of the infected person, we can categorize the person as a mild, critical, or severe case. The proposed methods in the chapter have shown promised results while testing on COVID CT Scan Images and patients’ symptoms dataset. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Gradual lockdown as a measure was forced into action in India for more than 4 weeks after the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic, as a measure to flatten the epidemic curve. Through our study we are trying to interpret the changes in air quality level during the period of lockdown in Delhi by collecting and evaluating the data of pollutants from 3 major hotspots through updated data of DPCB (Delhi Pollution Control Board). It has noted that after a week and more there was a significant decline in air pollutant level in these areas which lead to improvement in air quality, major decline was noted in PM2.5 (-28.37%,-25.37% and-25.43%), and NO2 a traffic emission related pollutant (-91.29%,-13.29% and-55.26%) respectively whereas slight improvement in ozone has been recorded an association of major pollutant (PM2.5,10, NO2) has shown significant association with impact of lockdown during covid-19 in their decline, whereas further improvement might come in forthcoming days as GOI is going to put more measures to combat the virus spread which came into force from 23rd March 2020. Still there are lots of efforts need to be done to understand impact of lockdown on major polluted level and how a single lockdown could give great result after spending crores of money on project related to same, so it’s our recommendation to GOI to look into this impact and plan measure accordingly in future so that Delhites can breathe a easy air than they used to breathe earlier. © EM International.
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PURPOSE- The Covid Pandemic has coerced the insurers to determine how best to meet the demands of their customers, provide service with minimal effort, and achieve their cost efficiency objective. The cost-efficiency objective of the insurance industry should also be aimed at freeing up funds to invest in new technologies and not lose sight of the transformation imperative. The insurance business, despite its size, is underrepresented in the literature. As a result, this paper explains how blockchain technology and IoT might benefit the insurance business. We go over the fundamentals of blockchain and IoT, the most prominent platforms already in use, and a short theoretical description of the insurance sub-processes that both the technologies can positively alter. We also go over the roadblocks that must be overcome in order to properly utilize blockchain technology in the insurance industry.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY- This study provides a qualitative assessment and analysis of journals, articles, and white papers on the implementation of Blockchain and IoT in the Insurance industry, as well as research trends. In addition, the study attempts to identify potential opportunities in the insurance business. The systematic review aims to bring together findings from several fields of study. The goal of this review article is to analyze both the literature sources to comprehend the actual levels of implementation and use cases, as well as to determine the direction in which the insurance industry is now heading in terms of technological adoption.ORIGINALITY- It also covers a wide range of study topics, as well as the most significant articles from the best journals. This paper also covers book chapters, conference papers, journal articles, review papers, white papers, and reports from various organizations.IMPLICATION- The research can prove to be a useful beginning point for new researchers looking for interesting and relevant research on the application and implementation of blockchain and IoT in general insurance. © 2022 IEEE.
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India is one of the world’s worst affected countries due to COVID-19 pandemic. The world is struggling to fight against centuries pandemic. Globally governments have been imposed lockdown and restrictions to control situation and minimize spread of infection. Social media was found the most practical and efficient medium to share information and opinions about pandemic. At time of social distancing, social media helped people to share their feelings and find support. Same time overuse of social media platform created panic and misinformation across countries. People sharing unconfirmed information about covid pandemic and governments were found it difficult to handle. © 2022, MedSci Publications. All rights reserved.
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Smartphones first appear in the world around the 1990s. Such devices are made to make and receive calls, messages, and facsimiles and especially in the situations of a pandemic like COVID-19, they are the only source to be connected with the family, friends, and the world as a whole. Their ability to store additional applications and information has made them emerged as an alternative to the primitive analytical instruments. The analytical instruments used so far are expensive and heavy;require trained personnel for their operations. But, the availability of high-quality cameras, low cost, ease of operation of smartphones is making them the easily accessible detection tool. This aspect of smartphone analysis has been taken into a good advantage and varied work has been published in this context. In addition to cost-cutting, it also reduces the time required for the analysis as only a single picture can serve the purpose of repeatability and reproducibility tests. This book chapter provides an overview of recent applications of smartphones in various fields of analytical chemistry along with the future perspective. The rate at which smartphone use is increasing and its technology is advancing, it has a huge potential to replace the analytical instruments. Further, they can be used in the real-time detection of almost all types of forensic exhibits. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Since the beginning of the 21st century the world had to face several outbreaks ofviral diseases like Chikungunya, Ebola, Nipah, H7H9 Bird flu, H1N1, SARS, MERS and above all the Coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 which has brought the whole world to a standstill, as of now it as infected around 200 million people and has caused over 4 million deaths. The countries of USA, India, Brazil and Russia have been the most seriously affected countries of all. outbreak of Covid-19 a 'Public Health Emergency of International Concern' on 30th January 2020 and a 'pandemic' on 11th march 2020. Although the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2) or the Coronavirus has a very low fatality rate i.e. 2.9%, but the most problematic aspect of the Coronavirus is its unusually high infectivity rate. Such unique attributes of the virus called for more stringent and advanced methods of investigation, research and analysis and this is where Artificial Intelligence (AI) comes in;the scientific community strongly believe that AI and data science can be used to fight against the Coronavirus and can fill in the blanks still left by science. In current study of approach, we have emphasis the role of AI during the pandemic and implemented the study. Further, a trend analysis is conducted from year 2020 till 2021 to analyze the pattern for future forecasting. © 2022 IEEE.
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The critical infrastructure (CI) of a society are the sixteen entities that facilitate the smooth daily living of its residents. Due to the crucial functionalities, CI elements are the most favored targets of cybercriminals. The situation was further aggravated when the world battled the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic. Due to socio-economic distress and reduced resources, a much higher number of ransomware attacks on CI were reported in the year 2020. To further illuminate the influence of the pandemic on the ransomware trends, the authors divided the data of the reported incidents into two time-frames. The first time-frame spanned the years 2013 till 2019, and the second time-frame covered the pandemic duration of the years 2020 and 2021. The two time frames were analyzed through rich visualizations and it was found that the healthcare sector was targeted much more while it was already struggling. Moreover, new strains like Netwalker and existing strains that preyed on corporate networks were preferred in recent years. The economic distress and call for stricter laws against ransom payments resulted in lesser percentages of ransom payments, but system downtimes stretched to more than a month's time. Lastly, while cryptocurrency had gained popularity among criminals due to its anonymity potential, continuous research against its misuse has caused a decline in crypto ransom payments. © 2022 IEEE.
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This paper presents a dual gate dielectric modulated FET (DGDMFET) biosensor with enhanced sensitivity for covid detection. In earlier literature, the biosensors are operated using the surface interaction with the virus biomolecules that are reflected through a channel or gate. The downside of these types of sensors has limited sensitivity. In this paper, we have considered that the change in the dielectric constant due to virus proteins results in a significant shift in the threshold voltage of FET. Enhancement of sensitivity is done by using the novel dual metal gate arrangement with different work functions (higher at the source end and lower at the drain end) and the chromic oxide (Cr2O3) layer, which is carved out vertically to form nanogap. At the same time, interface charge density is maintained nearly equal to 1.0 × 1011 cm−2 at the Si-SiO2 layer. To demonstrate the proposed biosensor, electrical parameters (electron concentration, surface potential, energy band distribution, and electric field) and the absolute percentage sensitivity of threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, ON current, and transconductance are evaluated and compared with related literature. The ATLAS device simulator is used for the simulation of the proposed device.
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COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern. The outbreak of the disease began as pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China. It is a virus induced respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Close genetic similarity with the bat SARS- like coronavirus RaTG13 and the presence of high degree of similarity between ACE-2 receptors among various animals and humans indicate its likely origin from bats. Person to person contact was also identified. There is no clear evidence of vertical transmission of the virus yet, though its presence is detected in semen of affected individuals. Symptoms appear 2 to 14 days post- exposure and include dyspnoea, coughing, sore throat, fever, repeated shaking with chills, myalgia and anosmia. In some cases, diarrhoea, cutaneous manifestations such as chilblain-like foot lesions have also been reported. Coagulopathy is most probably a consequence of massive inflammatory response and may contribute to the occurrence of thrombosis. The severity of the disease ranges from very mild to severe depending upon the age, immune status and presence of comorbidities. In severe disease, elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-12, Interferon-gamma and TGF- beta along with increased level of chemokines are observed. Histopathological examination revealed pulmonary edema along with formation of hyaline membrane and monocytosis. Liver biopsy revealed moderate microvesicular steatosis. Blood examination showed decreased number of CD4 and CD8 cells. Animal trials have shown that ferrets and cats are susceptible to the disease while dogs, ducks, pigs and chickens are not. The results of Thin slice Computed Tomography showed multifocal ground glass opacities. Treatment is not specific. Hydroxychloroquine led to the reduction of viral load. On 1st May, 2020, FDA agreed for Emergency Usage Authorization for the use of Remdesivir as it showed promising results in cell culture, animal models as well as in human trials by decreasing the mortality. Maintenance of hand hygiene and proper cough hygiene is essential. Cowpathy is known to have multiple health restoring properties for boosting immunity and bioenhancer activity, which can also be utilized for prevention and control of coronavirus spread in population. AYUSH ministry of India has reported the beneficial effects of Sanshamani vati, ayurvedic concoction and homeopathic medicine Arsenicum album and initiated the clinical trial studies on Ashwagandha, Pipali, Yashtimadhu, Guduchi and Ayush-64 combination of herbs. Therefore, preventive and control measures are a must to minimize health losses and decrease the burden on health care system.
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Covid-19 is a medical pandemic originated in China due to the virus, eventually affecting all parts of the world. The study deals with the mortality rate in India using various machine learning techniques. The secondary data collection is done using various websites like Kaggle. The dataset collected contains lot of noise which is pre-processed and the inputs are converted into vectors using One-Hot encoding. The results are compared using various regression techniques and various output parameters like Accuracy, Variance, Max Square etc. The results indicated that lasso regression gives the best result. © 2021 IEEE.
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The purpose of this research is to explore the spread dynamics of a novel coronavirus outbreak, or 2019-nCOV via a fractional approach of type fractal-fractional (FF) derivative. We considered the FF approach in sense of the Atangana-Baleanu derivative for the system 2019-nCOV. In the FF operator, when we choose fractional-order one, we achieve the fractal model and when choosing fractal order one then we obtain a fractional model and while considering both the operators together we obtain the fractal-fractional model. The obtained results show via graphics for the different collections of fractal and fractional orders. The graphical results show the new operator impacts on a practical situation in a more visual way. © 2022
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COVAXIN was granted restricted emergency approval based on safety and immunogenicity studies alone. The approval was heavily questioned leading to controversy regarding safety concerns and unethical trial allegations resulting in lack of trust and vaccine hesitancy among common people. In this article, we aimed to review the scientific evidence regarding the safety and immunogenicity of COVAXIN. Adverse events reported in phase-I/II COVAXIN trials were mild to moderate with no serious adverse events. The incidence of adverse events due to COVAXIN was comparable to other inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines like BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac. COVAXIN has also demonstrated a similar immunogenicity profile and enhanced immune response as reported by other inactivated vaccines. COVAXIN has demonstrated an enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune response among vaccine recipients. COVAXIN vaccinated human serum has also shown comparable antibody neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7, B.1.617, and other heterologous strains. Evidence suggests that COVAXIN is a safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine. Its stated efficacy of 77.8% significantly exceeds the World Health Organization’s recommendations. However, the COVAXIN phase-III clinical trial data need to be peer reviewed for better transparency and building public confidence in indigenously developed vaccine and shedding COVAXIN hesitancy among common masses. © 2021 Mukhtar Ahmad Dar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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COVID-19 pandemic has taught the world researchers the urgent need for new sources and novel pharmaceuticals not only for existing diseases but also for both seasonal epidemics and future pandemics. Pharmaceutical drug discoveries for the past fifty years depended deeply on the procedure of empirical transmission of a huge number of pure bioactive compounds to provide new leads. The screening of extracts or isolating compounds is a common way to discover novel biologically active molecules. Most of the valuable Blue-Green algal metabolites are concentrated in their biomass. For existence in nature, Blue-Green algae (BGA) secrete and contain various organic substances like proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, primary and secondary metabolites, and these compounds are explored for potential biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (including the anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19), anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, protease inhibitory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, etc. Due to their diverse application, pharmaceutical companies have shown commercial interest in the Blue-green algal group for the discovery and development of novel molecules to combat deadly diseases for the benefit of society and mankind. The current review paper highlights and discusses the diverse pharmaceutical potential of laboratory-grown cultures of BGA along with comprehensive and current knowledge on bioactive compounds discovered by researchers globally. © 2021, Editorial board of Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Humanity has been continuously threatened by epidemics and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown greater epidemic potential. According to the World Health Organization, measures such as rapid diagnosis, immediate isolation, and precautionary contact tracing are key tools of epidemic control. The method of detection or testing is critical in this epidemiological control, where SARS-CoV-2-positive cases are increasingly growing, leading to community infection. Immunochromatographic test kits have been described for the diagnosis of various infectious diseases because of their rapid scalability, convenient use, and prompt validation. The benefits of the immunochromatographic test kits include evaluation of the sample in approximately 20 minutes, lower cost per sample, and simple directions to use. Such test kits are composed of an uncut sheet structure that is protein conjugated, labeled with markers, and reagents coated in a nitrocellulose membrane. The need for thorough vetting is a major concern for the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Indian Council of Medical Research and other regulators, as more businesses are rushing to produce serologic test kits for SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Initial reports of 86%−89% sensitivity and 84.2%–98.6% specificity were reported for these kits. Nonetheless, many national reports show variability in test accuracy significantly among various commercial suppliers. The virus’s more recent mutated strains (B.1.1.7, B.1.617, and B.1.351) have also raised concerns about their detectability using these test kits. In India, manufacturers are developing rapid test kits to detect SARS-CoV-2 by importing pre-antigen or antibody-coated uncut sheets from vendors and then cutting them into strips. Such sheets also have problems with specificity and are expensive. The possibility of developing kits with an indigenous protein coating and conjugation to detect antigens and antibodies needs to be explored by Indian researchers. This communication describes techniques to develop precise rapid test kits for detecting SARS-CoV-2. © 2021
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Introduction: Lockdown imposed due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused by coronavirus led to disruption of all aspects of life across the world with serious consequences in delivering of routine surgical services to the patients. Anaesthesiologists and surgeons in the study institute devised clinical assessment based protocols for preanaesthesia assessment {not including routine preoperative Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Testing} to ensure timely conduct of elective surgeries as soon as patients started reporting to hospital. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of various measures taken by anaesthesiologists and operation theatre team to impart surgical care during COVID-19 pandemic without increasing the risk of transmission of COVID-19 disease. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out with the idea of comparing the surgical workload of year 2020 (January to December 2020) with the previous year 2019 (January to December 2019). The study was conducted in the month of March 2021, in a 627-bedded secondary care multispecialty hospital. The data on total number of patients undergoing surgeries in year 2020 was compared with that of year 2019 on the basis of elective surgeries, emergency surgeries and different modalities of anaesthesia used to conduct all those surgeries. These variables from both the years were compared using chi-square tests and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) trial version 23.0. Results: The total numbers of surgeries had reduced in year 2020 (3923 in 2019 vs 2500 in 2020) with highest reduction in the months of April and May 2020 (83.08 and 74.75%, respectively). However, with implementation of clinical assessment based protocols and targeted changes in anaesthesia practice, the decrease in elective surgeries came to statistically non significant levels by the month of September 2020. The difference in percentage of cases carried out under regional anaesthesia (4.23% in 2019 vs 3.24% in 2020) was statistically not significant (p-value=0.051). The emergency surgeries in 2019 were 805 vs 742 in 2020, percentage change from 2019 base data was -7.83. The incidence of COVID-19 infection during postoperative period was nil in the Institute. The incidence of COVID-19 infection among the staff was found to be similar to the patients reported to the hospital despite of handling elective surgical cases. Conclusion: Regular surgical care can be safely provided after thorough clinical assessment of the patients in this ongoing pandemic. This did not lead to increase in incidence of COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers as shown in our data. Hence, pre operative COVID-19 testing should be performed only when indicated by clinical history and examination. However, more studies with multiple centers are required to validate these protocols and hence facilitate the formation of even more refined ones.
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Introduction: Due to the pandemic all the institutes remain closed that led to significant physical and psychosocial problems among children and youths. Hence in our study we aim to compare the clinical features, differences in COVID 1st, 2nd and 3rd waves Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective institutional study from the records of 1st three waves. The study included children and youths aged 18 years or younger with COVID-19 confirmed by the positive detection of SARS-CoV-2. The collected data included sex, age at diagnosis, clinical symptoms, dates of admission and discharge, were noted and analyzed. Results: Among 397 children and youths confirmed with COVID-19 infections, the mean age was <10 years, almost equal sex distribution and one 3rd were asymptomatic. Majority were symptom free in 2nd and 3rd waves. Cough and fever were the presenting symptoms Among all individuals, 394 individuals (99.2%) had mild illness. One subject had chilblains, one developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and one developed post-COVID-19 autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In all 3 waves, 204 patients with COVID-19 (51.4%) had domestic infections. Among these individuals, 186 (91.2%) reported having a contact history with another individual with COVID-19, of which most (183 individuals [90.0%]) were family members. Conclusions: We conclude that all children and youths with COVID-19 in countries had mild illness. In this cross-sectional study, children and youths with COVID-19 had a wide range of clinical presentations, from no symptoms to post-infectious immune-mediated complications.
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The integrative approach for wellness has become an arena where integrating the indigenous practice with the dominant bio-medical system has activated a transformation process.Further, a debate characterized by fundamental dichotomies of health/wellness is there to find an approach in agreement with holistic wellness. The limitations of protocol-driven medical science and avoiding the patient behind the patient have again compelled us during this pandemic to explore holistic health. This paper presents an analysis and explores the feasibility of Ayurveda as an integrative system to wellness and tests the Ayurveda concept of holistic wellness against three such dichotomies: 'health' vs wellness, 'body' vs 'mind,' and 'curative vs. preventive,' where the current medical model can be said to represent the first elements in the three dichotomies. Keeping the current Covid-19 pandemic as a critical incident, researchers tried to justify that the synergistic confluence will act as a complementary/supportive knowledge in humanity's struggle against the pandemic. For synergistic confluence of Ayurveda and medical Science, the scientist's temperament and evidence-based medical science approach should be applied to validate the principles and therapies of Ayurveda.